Association of Lipid Profile with Body Mass Index in Public Employees in Halabja City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v10n2y2020.pp71-80Keywords:
BMI, Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C.Abstract
Obesity and overweight are extensive phenomena that reached epidemics extent worldwide, including the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The aim of this study is to evaluate the values of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), body mass index (BMI), and the state of physical activity in Halabja’s public employees. Overall 355 adults aged from 19 to 63 including 246 males and 109 females contributed to the study. The lipid profiles were tested in all subjects after over-night fasting. In addition, anthropometry measurements were taken; the mean height for males is 1.7129 m and 1.5732 m for females. The mean weights of males and females are 80.4813 and 69.9459 kg, respectively. The mean BMI value for males and females is 27.4258 and 28.3274, respectively. Some of the cases were diagnosed with diabetes, renal diseases, hypertension, and other relevant diseases. 246 of participants adopted sedentary lifestyles while 109 of them lived an active lifestyle. 65, 162, 98, and 206 of participants had TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C off-limits, respectively. Pearson’s correlation between BMI with TC, TG, and LDL-C showed a significant relationship at 0.01 level as 0.156**, 0.140**, and 0.144**, respectively. HDL-C was negatively correlated to BMI at −0.062 level. The analysis of variance showed statistically significant p-values between TC, TG, and HDL-C according to BMI at 0.027, 0.000, and 0.000, respectively. The sedentary group of participants showed a higher Mean range of TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C than an active group of participants.
Downloads
References
Addo, S. A., F. zVuvor, M. Steiner, C. Nti and J. Adjimani. 2019. Impact of successful weight loss maintenance on serum lipids and glucose concentrations of previous participants of a weight loss programme in accra, Ghana. J. Nutr. Metab. 10113: 1-12.
Alves-bezerra, M. and D. E. Cohen. 2018. Triglyceride metabolism in the liver. Compr. Physiol. 8(1): 1-8.
Alzahrani, S. H., M. Baig, M. M. Aashi, F. K. Al-shaibi, D. A. Alqarni and W. H. Bakhamees. 2019. Association between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and the lipid profile in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus at a tertiary care hospital: A retrospective study. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 12: 1639-1644.
Berglund, L., J. D. Brunzell, A. C. Goldberg, I. J. Goldberg, F. Sacks, M. H. Murad and A. F. H. Stalenhoef. 2012. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97(9): 2969-2989.
Bo, M. S., W. L. Cheah, S. Lwin, T. M. New, T. T. Win and M. Aung. 2018. Understanding the relationship between atherogenic index of plasma and cardiovascular disease risk factors among staff of an university in Malaysia. J. Nutr. Metab. 2018: 7027624.
Brandão, M. P., F. L. Pimentel and M. F. Cardoso. 2011. Impact of academic exposure on health status of university students. Rev. Saude Publica. 45(1): 49-58.
Brinton, E. A., S. Eisenberg and J. L. Breslow. 1990. A Low-fat diet decreases high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels by decreasing HDL apolipoprotein transport rates. J. Clin. Invest. 85(1): 144-151.
Carreras-González, G. and J. Ordóñez-Llanosb. 2007. Adolescence, physical activity, and metabolic cardiovascular. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 60(6): 565-568.
Choudhury, K. N., A. K. M. Mainuddin, M. Wahiduzzaman and I. S. Mohammed. 2014. Serum lipid profile and its association with hypertension in Bangladesh. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 10: 327-332.
Crichton, G. E. and A. Alkerwi. 2015. Physical activity, sedentary behavior time and lipid levels in the observation of cardiovascular risk factors in luxembourg study. Lipids Health Dis. 14(1): 1-9.
Davies, D. S. C., F. Atherton, M. McBride and C. Calderwood. 2019. UK Chief Medical Officers Physical Activity Guidelines. Department of Health and Social Care, UK, September. p1-65. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/physical-activity-guidelines-uk-chief-medical-officers-report.
De Freitas, R. W. J., M. F. M. Araújo, A. C. S. Lima, D. C. R. Pereira, A. M. P. Alencar and M. M. C. Damasceno. 2013. Study of lipid profile in a population of university students. Rev. Lat. Am. Enfermagem. 21(5): 1151-1158.
Dobiášová, M. and J. Frohlich. 2001. The plasma parameter log (TG/ HDL-C) as an atherogenic index: Correlation with lipoprotein particle size and esterification rate inapob-lipoprotein-depleted plasma (FERHDL). Clin. Biochem. 34(7): 583-588.
Feingold, K. R., C. Grunfeld, B. Anawalt, A. Boyce, G. Chrousos, W. W. de Herder, K. Dungan, A. Grossman, J. M. Hershman, H. J. Hofland, G. Kaltsas, C. Koch, P. Kopp, M. Korbonits, R. McLachlan, J. E. Morley, M. New, J. Purnell, F. Singer, C. A. Stratakis, D. L. Trence and D. P. Wilson. 2000. Introduction to lipids and lipoproteins. In: Endotext. MDText. Com, Inc., South Dartmouth, MA. p2000-2018.
Gui, T., A. Shimokado, Y. Sun, T. Akasaka and Y. Muragaki. 2012. Diverse roles of macrophages in atherosclerosis: From inflammatory biology to biomarker discovery. Mediators Inflamm. 2012: 693083.
Hao, W. and A. Friedman. 2014. The LDL-HDL profile determines the risk of atherosclerosis: A mathematical model. PLoS One. 9(3): e90497.
Jalali, M. T., A. M. Honomaror, A. Rekabi and M. Latifi. 2013. Reference ranges for serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDLcholesterol, and VLDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in healthy iranian ahvaz population. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 28(3): 277-282.
Kannel, W. B. 1987. Hypertension and other risk factors in coronary heart disease. Am. Heart J. 114(4 PART 2): 918-925.
Kumari, K. R. and B. Srinivas. 2018. Study of lipid profile in patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative management and hemodialysis. Int. J. Sci. Stud. 6(7): 22.
Lachman, S., S. M. Boekholdt, R. N. Luben, S. J. Sharp, S. Brage, K. T. Khaw, R. J. Peters and N. J. Wareham. 2018. Impact of physical activity on the risk of cardiovascular disease in middleaged and older adults: EPIC Norfolk prospective population study. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 25(2): 200-208.
León-Latre, M., B. Moreno-Franco, E. M. Andrés-Esteban, M. Ledesma, M. Laclaustra, V. Alcalde, J. L. Peñalvo, J. M. Ordovás, J. A. Casasnovas and Aragon Workers’ Health Study investigators. 2014. Sedentary lifestyle and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors, insulin resistance and inflammatory profile. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. (Engl Ed). 67(6): 449-455.
Magnussen, C. G., R. Thomson, V. J. Cleland, O. C. Ukoumunne, T. Dwyer and A. Venn. 2011. Factors affecting the stability of blood lipid and lipoprotein levels from youth to adulthood. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 165(1): 68-76.
Malati, T. and M. R. U. Mahesh. 2009. Reference intervals for serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, Lp (a), apolipoprotein A-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III, and E in healthy South Indians from Andhra Pradesh. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 24(4): 343-355.
McIntyre, N. 1978. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in liver disease. Gut. 19: 526-530.
Mora, S., R. J. Glynn and P. M. Ridker. 2013. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, size, particle number, and residual vascular risk after potent statin therapy. Circulation. 128: 1189-1197.
Muhammed, H. P. and K. Jayaraj. 2016. Correlation of lipid profile in patients with severity of liver disease: A cross sectional study in a tertiary care hospital. Int. J. Res. Med. Sci. 5: 326.
Mukaka, M. M. 2012. Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Med. J. 24(3): 69-71.
Nakhjavani, M., A. Esteghamati, F. Esfahanian and A. R. Heshmat. 2006. Dyslipidemia in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: More atherogenic lipid profile in women. Acta Med. Iran. 44(2): 111-118.
Naqvi, S., S. Naveed, Z. Ali, S. M. Ahmad, R. Asadullah Khan, H. Raj, S. Shariff, C. Rupareliya, F. Zahra and S. Khan. 2017. Correlation between glycated hemoglobin and triglyceride level in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cureus. 9: e1347.
Nwaiwu, O. and B. C. Ibe. 2015. Relationship between serum cholesterol and body mass index in Nigeria schoolchildren aged 2-15 years. J. Trop. Pediatr. 61(2): 126-130.
Park, K. H., D. Yadav, S. J. Kim, J. R. Kim and K. H. Cho. 2018. Slim body weight is highly associated with enhanced lipoprotein functionality, higher HDL-C, and large HDL particle size in young women. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 9: 406.
Parlement, I. 2014. Law No. 9 of 2014 on Unified Retirement Law. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=100291&p_country=IRQ&p_count=235 [Last accessed on 2019 Dec 29].
Purnamasari, D., R. Aulia, M. S. Abdaly and A. Hazim. 2019. Hypercholesterolemia as the first manifestation of metabolic abnormalities in normoglycemic young adult male with family history of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 13(2): 969-974.
Setia, M. S. 2016. Methodology series module 3: Cross-sectional studies. Indian J. Dermatol. 61(3): 261-264.
Shamai, L. E. Lurix, M. Shen, G. M. Novaro, S. Szomstein, R. Rosenthal, A. V. Hernandez and C. R. Asher. 2011. Association of body mass index and lipid profiles: Evaluation of a broad spectrum of body mass index patients including the morbidly obese. Obes. Surg. 21(1): 42-47.
Shen, S., Y. Lu, H. Qi, F. Li, Z. Shen, L. Wu, C. Yang, L. Wang, K. Shui, Y. Wang, D. Qiang, J. Yun and X. Weng. 2016. Association between ideal cardiovascular health and the atherogenic index of plasma. Medicine (Baltimore). 95(24): e3866.
Swain, D. P. and Franklin, B. A. 2006. Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Am. J. Cardiol. 97(1): 141-147.
World Health Organization. 1995. Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. World Health Organization, Geneva. p1-463.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Tareq H. Abdullah, Hardi R. Baqi, Salar H. Karim, Dashti A. Ghafor
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY-NC-ND 4.0] that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Polytechnic Journal ; A Periodical Open Access Scientific Journal